Is Lm Model On Economics Of The Twentieth Century

IS-LM Model Mr. Keynes and the â€Å"Classics†; A Suggested Interpretation is a classic journal written by John R. Hicks, who has left huge impact on Economics of the twentieth century. John Hicks introduced the beginning of â€Å"IS-LM economic model†, which set up basic system of Macroeconomics to the world through this journal. This journal could be considered as an attempt to interpret and reassess Mr. Keynes’ General Theory of Empoyment within the typical â€Å"classic† theory framework and compare Keynes’ view and classical economists’ view. Mr. Hicks starts with setting the typical classical theory in a form that is similar to that where Mr. Keynes does his. He makes the same assumptions for the theory as Mr. Keynes does, which is first, the quantity of factors of production is all fixed and second, only homogeneous labor is counted and the last, depreciation can be neglected. Consequently, Mr. Hicks comes up with three equations. 1. 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Retailing and Online Brand Strength - 7155 Words

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Line by Line Analysis of The Road Not Taken Essay Example For Students

Line by Line Analysis of The Road Not Taken Essay Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, The key word here is two. Throughout our lives we constantly face decisions where we have two choices. Even when it seems there is only one choice, we can decide either to DO it, or NOT do it; so there are STILL two alternatives. And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stood Then there are times we wish we could do BOTH; HAVE our cake and eat it too! We know we cant, so we must agonize over the choices; weigh the possibilities. And looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same, Decisions, decisions! So, what we do is come up with some justification for the choice we have made, even though we are already questioning our decision, even as we make it. When the choices are so close to being equal, does it really make any difference? Is the fact that fewer people have done it THIS way going to give us any edge over the competition? Or have we just leveled the playing field? And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black. Is it frightening to us that few people have taken EITHER path? What unknowns lurk beyond the next bend? Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back. Well, if this one doesnt work out, Ill try the other one; or maybe Ill try it one day anyway, just to see if it is better. Or maybe not. Have you ever heard of a round tuit? Ill do it when I get around to it. Sometimes you KNOW, you just KNOW that you never will! Round tuits come in a roll, like a loaf of bread. You slice them off as you go, and eventually you come to the heel of the loaf. Yes, there is an end tuit! We DO run out of time. I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood and I Sometime down the line we may look back and reflect upon this. We may never know if the other choice would have been better, or if it would even have been any different at all. Chances are, well discover that it really hasnt been so bad after all. (This is where I would sigh. ). Id wonder, if I had it all to do over again, wouldnt I do it exactly the same way. Or if I had gone the other way, wouldnt I be sitting here asking myself how THIS path would have turned out, had I gone THIS way? Whatever the result, it was that little whim, that little difference in detail, that sudden intuition that convinced us to choose the path that we did. We KNOW it made a difference, but in this case our 20/20 hindsight doesnt look around corners, so we will never know what that difference was! I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference. Perhaps the difference is in our own minds, our own talents, our own abilities. Perhaps these things would blossom and grow no matter WHAT we chose to do. Perhaps we missed a golden opportunity at some point because of something we DIDNT do. Or maybe, just maybe, things turned out as well as they did BECAUSE of that decision we made, not in spite of it! Maybe we did good! (another sigh) .

Symbolism/Imagery in Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie Essay Example

Symbolism/Imagery in Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie Essay Tennessee Williams loved symbols and imagery. Being a lyric poet first, he explained that he had a â€Å"poets weakness for symbols† (Tischler 32). In looking at his life and body of work, this trait is without doubt is as well a result of the playwright’s early saturation with the thought and symbolism of the Episcopal Church. Williams came to see just about every aspect of life as symbolic of some greater truth (Tischler 32). Thus, one sees the many symbolisms and imagery presented in his play The Glass Menagerie.The PlotThe Glass Menagerie is not a typical Williams play in that it is characterized by simplicity. This is unlike his other plays which were too complex and with too many fascinating stories for each of the characters, flavored with too much sexuality and violence. Set in St. Louis, this play tells the story of a small Southern family, the Wingfields, who are in financial trouble during the Depression era. The father has abandoned his wife (Amanda) and two children (Tom and Laura). The son is reluctantly working in a warehouse to support his mother and sister. Laura is unable to take care of herself, too frightened to work in an office and too shy to find a good husband. She is crippled both physically and psychologically. Although Amanda tries to sell magazine subscriptions, she knows that she cannot support her daughter and herself without Toms help.Amanda has no marketable skills, having been raised to be a â€Å"lady†. She is desperate in making her daughter independent by enrolling her in business school; however, this proves a failure. Amanda then nags Tom to find a suitor to court and marry his sister. Finally, Tom brings Jim OConnor in. Jim’s clumsy and outspoken manners underscore the familys peculiar Southern habits. Jim enjoys the conversation, the dinner, and the time alone with Laura. He kisses her, dances with her, admires her glass menagerie, and accidentally breaks her favorite figure – a unicorn. Eventually, the Wingfields bid Jim farewell with gracious words, aware that this is the end of their hope: the suitor will not return, the daughter will not marry, the son will escape, and the mother will be forced to cope with an impossible future.Symbolism/ImageryThe central image in this play, from which the play takes its title is Lauras glass menagerie. Williams biographers have traced the origins of this image to a tragic young woman in Clarksdale, Mississippi (Leverich 55). Within the play, it allows readers and audience to see the childlike fixation on a private world of make-believe animals, and delicacy of this isolated girl.In general, the glass menagerie symbolizes the shattered dreams of the Wingfields. Their failure to satisfy their aspirations confines the family to a wasteland reality, wherein their dreams, hope, and aspirations become a mound of broken images. Similar to a menagerie the Wingfield family is also is frozen in time. Their past has frozen the family. I n all instances, whether in Amandas yearning for the past, Toms eager thrust toward the future, or Lauras imprisonment in the jailhouse of her thwarted present, the past dominates as the present or future can never do. The past not only casts its shadow upon the present and the future, but actually determines the course that each of these shall take. Thus the present and, by implication, the future of the family, are prevented from taking a course (Bluefarb 513).Taking the menagerie as a symbol of Laura herself, fragile and beautiful, Williams plays with the more specific figure of the unicorn. The peculiar glass figurine grows to prominence only in the last scene (scene 7) the interview scene between Laura and Jim. Thus far in the play, it had been only an undistinguished part of the glass menagerie, Lauras fragile refuge against the unbearable tension of the outside world. In the course of the interview the small animal comes to be connected with both Laura and Jim.When Laura desi gnates the unicorn to Jims attention as the figurine dearest to her, she also points to the horn on its forehead and admits that his singularity may make him feel lonesome and certainly makes him unfit for life in a world tending to reduce living creatures to one interfused mass of automatism. Her warning to Jim Oh, be careful—if you breathe, it breaks! may well connote that it is only an imaginary creature, a mythic lie and that breathing, a basic manifestation of real life, might be too much of a test for it as it is, in a different sense, for her (Bloom 53).The unicorn is a perfect symbol for Laura since, to the overtones of fragility and delicate beauty of all the glass figurines, it adds those of uniqueness and, as a consequence almost, of freakishness. Jim, however, is not captivated by Lauras fable about her animals. To draw her away from her morbid fascination, he invites her to â€Å"cut the rug a little† at the sound of a waltz. Here, Jim lures Laura away fro m the dreamlike universe of which the unicorn is the centre, away from her reverie and invites her to move with him towards the world of the alley, to become identical with the innumerable couples moving, indistinct in the flickering light of the â€Å"deceptive rainbows† (Bloom 53).As Jim swings Laura into motion, they hit the little table and the unicorn falls to the floor. The unicorn breaks at the moment when the girl emerges from the world of her lifeless companions and transfers the refuge overtones connected with it onto the person of Jim. The figurine epitomizes Lauras possibility of escaping into her unreal world of glass and the breaking of the figurine marks the capital turning point in Lauras life when the immature world of glass toys loses its attractiveness in her eyes and she feels the desire to dance like all the others, to disregard her freakishness, and to belong to the world of the adults. â€Å"The event symbolizes a kind of emotional defloration, the gir ls irreversible loss of childlike innocence, the unavoidable mutilation that Williams sees as necessarily accompanying the process of growing up.† (Bloom 53)The medieval iconography identified this mythical figure with virgins and therefore with sexuality. Although the unicorn looks like a horse, it is not a horse; it is a unique, mythical creature. Hence, when Jim clumsily breaks off the unicorn’s horn, he has not transformed it into a horse. The figurine remains a unicorn, but is now a damaged unicorn that manages to look like an ordinary horse. In some ways, this is what Amanda has done to Laura, distorted her true childish nature to make her seem like all the normal young ladies being courted by nice young gentlemen. Lauras pained responses to her Amanda’s cruel questions about her plans for the evening expose the anguish that this teasing causes the sensitive daughter (Tischler 33).The glass animals, instead of being vague, distant, and faerie-like, are read by some literary critics as the only artifacts in the play that hold any degree of reality for Laura (Bluefarb 518). If they are fragile, they are also strong. And if they are glass, they have a certain quality of transparency which permits their owner the full view of a world that is not bounded by time and lameness. For even in their fragility, they are at least tangible, and therefore, for Laura, reliable. They can be seen, touched, felt, even fondled. And they have more sub- stance than mere memory. They will be there tomorrow, as they were yester- day, as they are today; broken or not, they will always be there (Bluefarb 518).Religious images are another prominent images in The Glass Menagerie. When Tom returns home drunk, he tells his sister of a stage show he has seen which is shot through with Christian symbolism, none of which he perceives. Here the magician, Malvolio, whose name suggests hatred or dislike, plays the role of the modern Christ. He performs the miracle of co ncerting water into wine and then turning the wine into beer and then whiskey. The magician also produces his proper symbol, the fish, but it is goldfish, as if stained by modern materialism. The final trick is when the magician rises unscathed from a nailed coffin, clearly a reflection of Christs Resurrection. Tom metaphorically compared this trick in personal terms. Like Malvolio, his father has escaped from the coffin-like existence and, later he will do the same escape act.Other images also populate The Glass Menagerie. The concern with images of liquid and water is pervasive in most of Williams writing (Vowles 52), including The Glass Menagerie. Williams loved the ocean and frequently used the sea as an escape symbol (Tischler 34). The playwright’s buccaneers, pirates, and sailors are the gallant figures who sail away from the dreary land to have adventures denied to most of mankind (Tischler 34). Likewise, the images of liquid symbolize Tom’s escape.In addition, the liquid imagery in the play explains the fluid movement of the play itself. One can reasonable think that one of the dominant images in Williams’ mind accounts to some degree for the subtle, fluid movement of The Glass Menagerie. One scene dissolves into another. There is, indeed, almost a submarine quality about the play, the kind of poetic slow motion that becomes ballet, and a breathless repression of feeling that belongs to everyone but Amanda. The very symbolic glass of the play is aqueous-arrested water. Form and content are thus fused with striking felicity (Vowles 52).Moreover, the image of the absent father dominates the stage, allowing us to tie him to Tom, who is also in love with â€Å"long distances† (Williams, 145). As one knows from her conversation that Amanda loved this man, often pictured in productions in a World War I uniform, but drove him away by her constant verbal assaults. Sometimes, a blown-up picture of Tom in a soldiers cap is used for th is centerpiece, to emphasize the identification of the men in the Wingfield family. For Amanda, her absent husband represents a blessed memory of a time when she was secure in her roles as wife and mother (Tischler 29).The play also uses the symbolism of light and darkness. In the play, the lights go out in the Wingfields house, in Amandas life, and in Lauras face. This suggests that all hopes for resurrection have been lost. If Tom is finally released, he emerges as a chronicler of catastrophe, as in the ancient message, â€Å"And I am escaped alone to tell thee.† (Shaland 123) However, the tiny glass figures remains on the proscenium as mute testimony to Williams’ and the theaters yearning for purity and kindness (Shaland 123).In The Glass Menagerie, Williams draws upon his frightened characters preference for soft candlelight to harsh daylight or electric bulbs. This is not only because of technical goals of the play, but also because Amanda, Tom, and Laura so often want to withdraw from the blinding light of reality into the softer world of illusion.The setting of the play is also interesting in its symbolism. Moving from the South to St. Louis for the narrative, Williams retains in The Glass Menagerie the memory of the South, as a haunting presence under the superimposed Midwestern setting. The reader and the audience, never seeing the gracious mansion that was the scene of Amandas childhood, feel its remembered grandeur and its contrast to the mean present. One of the elements that is always present in Williams’ plays is the awareness of the past. His characters live beyond the fleeting moments of the drama – back into a glowing past and shrinking from a terrifying future. For Amanda, the South forms an image of youth, love, purity, all of the ideals that have crumbled along with the mansions and the family fortunes (Bloom 38).ConclusionWilliams uses symbolism and imagery as a literary device in developing complex characters a nd in displaying the recurring themes in The Glass Menagerie. These symbols, which are mostly disguised as objects or imagery, appear all over the entire play, allowing the reader or the audience to have a deeper understanding of the story, the personalities of the characters, as well as their true inside characteristics. Moreover, these symbols and images add to the major themes, which progress as the play gains momentum. It can be said that symbols and images play the most important role in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie.

Microeconomic Principles essays

Microeconomic Principles essays In studying economic activities and concepts, there are two dominant modes of thought that come to the forefront; neoclassicism or the mainstream view and Austrian economics. These two schools of thought have points of contention on many different issues and theories found in the analysis of economic events. Several literary works have been written detailing the differences between the two approaches, although they have been subject to much criticism by the Austrian school. The major distinctions outlined by many authors include: praxeology, indifference, cardinality, continuity, probability, mathematical analysis, and public goods. Praxeological analysis is the basic foundation for the entire Austrian approach to economic observation. Human action is the most important and defining concept in Austrian economics. Human beings act, and the choices they make are based on motives or not-yet realized parts which explain the behavior and thoughts that they exhibit. This basic notion allows for the Austrian school to build an approach based on human action, and the means they use to get to an end. Neoclassical economics differs in the sense that they seek to explain human action in terms of value and choice with their foundation firmly embedded in utility. In short, neoclassical value theory not only stresses that what we feel determines how we behave. It presupposes that there are constant relationships between our feelings on the one hand, and our behavior on the other hand that can be studied and described by the neoclassical consumer theory. (Hulsman, 5) The Austrian school maintains that neoclassic ec onomics waste their time in calculating maximization and equilibrium to describe human behavior. They contend that there are no laws that govern what any one person will do in a given situation. Indifference is a simple concept that has brought about many heated debates in economi...

How to Nurture the Markets You Know

How to Nurture the Markets You Know Recently, I hung out on an online writers workshop group, and the talk traveled to diversification. My fellow  Ã‚  writers tried to convince me, yet again, to write for businesses and corporations. This didnt sound totally right to me. Wasnt magazine publishing a business, too? I said that, for now, I would stick to articles. The moderator, an internationally praised freelance journalist, praised my fortitude. In the end, I guessed, it was about sticking to what you know, what made you comfortable. Over the last year, I realized that sticking to good markets, like staying faithful to a good spouse, could save your life in the end. I learned to nurture the markets I knew. Like most people, I hated selling myself to strangers. Strange magazine editors, with their cold inboxes and expectations of knock-your-sock-off queries, were no exception. This realization had improved my relationships with editors. Now I feel more confident that Ill get off welfare and succeed, again, as a full-time writer. I have hope again in the â€Å"meat market† freelancer situation of 2014, where A+ authors are competing like never before with the merely very good. I always considered myself a wonderful writer, but fighting for crumbs with Columbia Journalism School grads had really depressed me. In the end, I ended up being the girl who learned that she didnt have to attract the captain of the football team, or even had to work overtime to be pretty and dateable – at least in this cutthroat market. She just had to be laid-back with unglamorous but well-paying and consistent magazine markets. Finding Faithful Markets I have three rules to finding, keeping, and nurturing markets. 1. When contacting a magazine with a query or letter of introduction, I like to deal with publications that respond quickly. For first-time assignments, I dont deal with any magazine that doesnt make a decision within two weeks. The old-style, three-month rule of New York publishing doesnt apply to most magazines currently looking for freelancers. Your market should be like a date thats TRULY interested in you. 2. I also prefer magazines that are generous with assignment information. Obviously, knowing how to create a professional article is paramount. However, I hate it when an editor leaves everything to me; possible conflicts can and often do arise. I always verify length of article, deadline, slant of article, and of course payment amount. 3. After finishing an article for a publication, if they encourage me to submit more stuff, they make me especially happy, and they go to the head of my idea queue. I admit that some publications are not pro-active. They are like the shy but good guy, and sometimes, I make the first step to maintain a good relationship. However, perpetually making the first step with markets that dont respond is a waste of time. I only have a limited time for my career. For the best use of my effort, I emphasize my work with markets that respond to me quickly, consistently, and professionally. Markets Here are five trade magazines currently looking for freelancers who deliver consistently. Minority Nurse Magazine minoritynurse.com Contact: Megan Larkin mlarkin@springerpub.com Tea Coffee Trade Journal teaandcoffee.net Contact: Vanessa Facenda v.facenda@lockwoodpublications.com Vineyard Winery Management vwmmedia.com Contact: Tina Caputo tcaputo@vwmmedia.com Medical Economics http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/ Contact: Dan Verdon dverdon@advanstar.com Cleveland Business Connects (CBC) Magazine cbcmagazine.com Contact: Thomas Skernivitz tom@cbcmagazine.com Find out more about Behlor Email: thebxscribbler1980@gmail.com Website: behlorsanti.net LinkedIn: linkedin.com/pub/behlor-santi/53/32/193

Interest Rate Changes in Construction Activity Essay

Interest Rate Changes in Construction Activity - Essay Example Generally the construction activity is sensitive to changes in the interest rates and business cycles in the short term and to population growth and economic advancement in the long-term. This paper intends to present a short report on the short term effects interest rate changes on the construction industry. The behaviour of any economy can be greatly influenced by the monetary policy. It is observed that decisions about official interest rates by the central banks affect economic activity and inflation through several channels which are collectively known as the Transmission Mechanism of the Monetary Policy. According to the Bank of England Paper on the Transmission mechanisms of monetary policy; Changes in exchange rates have a direct impact on the prices of imported goods and services and an indirect impact on the prices and the competitive ability of the products which compete with the imported products/services. The change in exchange rate is likely to affect the prices of those products in the domestic market which uses imported inputs. Thus through the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy, any changes in the official interest rates affect the savings and investment behaviour of the individuals and firms and also thereby affect domestic demand and supply of production and other manufacturing sectors of the economy. Normally following a monetary contraction in the economy, as a result of the changes in the interest rates, the construction sector reaches the trough of the cycle first, while the manufacturing sector reacts little slowly. However the manufacturing sector reacts very strongly than the construction sector. 3.0 Money Supply and Construction Activity: In general construction activity is very sensitive to credit conditions. According to Goh (1998) the amount of mortgage loans has an influence on the demand for residential construction, since house purchases are financed mainly by mortgage loans from banks. The monetary theorists are of the view that changes in money supply cause fluctuations in national outputs and because of the interdependency the disturbances in one sector will be transmitted to other sectors and markets. A review of the different channels of mechanisms reveals that credit is the primary source of money supply to the construction activity. "A restrictive credit supply leads to decreases in demand for real estate, bonds, stocks, and other assets. Since real-estate prices are sticky, ultimately the supply of credit will affect the construction industry." (Raymond Y.C. TSE and John Rafetry 1999) Similarly a contraction in money supply reduces bank lending to all sectors in the economy including property developers and thereby causes a decline in the industry. Any change in money supply will have its impact on the demand for

Disneys Pocahontas - History And Entertainment - A Study In Collision Movie Review

Disneys Pocahontas - History And Entertainment - A Study In Collision - Movie Review Example One more notable thing is the movie’s perspectives in terms of it background’s design. When Pocahontas took that leap off the cliff, we are taken in awe by the cliff’s height. Trees seem to be of gigantic size making a lot of the scenes a feast of, as well as a visual adventure. At some point in the movie, we begin to wonder if such a paradise exists. After some clicks on the net, we realize that although Jamestown does exist, as did the characters and the tribe, the topography was entirely fictional if not a collection of travel brochures. Now the question of whether that matters obviously depends on where the question is coming from. For the producers, in the case of the making of Pocahontas, they cared about two things: making tons of money and garnering awards. Although â€Å"Pocahontas† did not register as well as â€Å"Lion King† at the box office, it did win both the Golden Globe and the Oscar for its theme song, â€Å"Colors Of The Windâ₠¬ , it also earned a sizable amount. As it does traditionally, the introduction of cutesy animal characters guaranteed the inclusion of the youngsters’ attraction to this animated film. That these animal characters do not talk at all, made the movie able concentrate on the love-drama between the main characters and the people surrounding them. Plot-wise, Pocahontas was able to nail it. There were minimal loopholes. Story-wise, it was quite tight. We find ourselves smile a little when we see How quite systematic the natives farmed at that time. ... sizable amount. As it does traditionally, the introduction of cutesy animal characters guaranteed the inclusion of the youngsters' attraction to the this animated film. That these animal characters do not talk at all, made the movie able concentrate on the love-drama between the main characters and the people surrounding them. Plot-wise, Pocahontas was able to nail it. There were minimal loopholes. Story-wise, it was quite tight. We find ourselves smile a little when we see how quite systematic the natives farmed at that time. But then, if someone wants a more realistic film, the recently released, "The New World" starring Colin Farrell would be more befitting. When it comes entertainment, most average "Janes" and "Joes" do not really care about historical accuracy. Except perhaps in cases where the characters are still living or alive, or where the issue is political. In the first place, Disney did not even mention "a true story" or "based on a true story" in any of their posters nor trailers. Your last name 3 Plainly, had the producers stuck to historical accuracy, the whole project would have a totally different treatment- comedy perhaps Who knows That the real "John Smith" was stout, bearded and alleged to be a coward, is not a character suited in a love-drama that sells not only the beauty of this movie's own Jamestown but the physical beauty of its characters as well. This is reality- the reality of marketing and the reality of business. For their part, the filmakers couldn't have gotten critical acclaim for its animation and art direction without all that

American history Essay Example for Free

American history Essay In American history, there have been numerous instances in which a greater degree of damage and death which visited out shores. In the three day battle of Gettysburg, more than 51,000 soldiers fell. (Burns, 1989) The invasion of France on June 6, 1944 took more than 6,000 lives. Pearly Harbor claimed more than 2300 lives and introduced Americans to a war that would take more than 400,000 lives. However, the events which transpired on September 11, 2001 will always serve as one of the defining moments for those who lived through it. As with the assassin ion of John F. Kennedy was to our parents’ generation, September 11, 2001 will be for our generation. The news is filled with a multitude of calamities. The Asian tsunami in December of 2004 which claimed 200,000 lives or any number of events which take a toll on the human population, due to the fact that the evening news is saturated with events which should horror us but which really don’t as we have become apathetic against its stimulus, there are sometimes, national tragedies which affect the average American in ways that are hard to explain and fathom for those who are on the outside and looking in. This was the case for Natasha Jackson; a 27 year old African American female who lost two family members on September 11. For her, the day is more than just a time to rally behind the troops and to take time out of one’s day to remember those who died. For Natasha Jackson, 9/11 does not stop but continues 365 days a year. Natasha Jackson grew up in the suburbs of Chicago. Her father was a police chief in DuPage County Illinois. Natasha was in college while the events of September 11 were transpiring. At the end of her 8am class, which ended at 9:15, and upon walking to her next class, she was overheard some talk about a major news event. She did not realize exactly what had happened until the professor in her next class, told her and the rest of the class what had happened. All of the details would not be known until months and years later. However, by the time the second plane hit the tower, it had become obvious that this was no accident. We had hoped that all of the more than 50,000 people, who, on a daily basis, worked in the Twin Towers, would have been able to vacate the building while it was still standing. This was not the case for nearly 3,000 people who perished when the towers fell. (Burns, 2003) Since I had not known anybody in New York or who were on those planes that were hijacked, I was glad that as for me, the event did not take any of my loved ones. However, I knew that was not the case for thousands of families across the country. America was now at war to defeat terrorism and this would take an additional four thousands American lives to date with more casualties being reported daily. I did not know that the events of September 11 would affect somebody so close to me as I would eventually find out to be the case. Towards the end of September, 2001, as clean up crews were still busy picking up the twisted metal from the site of Ground Zero and plans for a strike against Iraq were being discussed, I learned that two of Natasha’s relatives, were not only affected by 9/11, but were actually killed when the first tower fell. It was something that was hard to realize had hit so close to home even when it was not my relatives that had been affected. More than six years later, Natasha sat down to talk to me about the events of that day and what she felt then as well as now. Natasha commented: â€Å"That day is one that I will never forget for as long as I live. † I was horrified by what I saw on television. However, my reaction was one filled with a bit more panic than my classmates who were watching the same thing as I was. I knew that my aunt, Marilyn Jackson worked in Tower One at Canter Fitzgerald. I would later find out that nearly 800 employees of that firm would die on September 11. (Burns, 2003) † When asked exactly what her initial reaction was, Natasha still finds it difficult to accurately explain what she was feeling. â€Å"I though that I was seeing a movie and that the events in New York was an examples of special effects or something. I really didn’t know what to think. I sat transfixed at what I was seeing and I didn’t get around to calling my father until a couple hours after the towers fell. I just didn’t know how to react. † In the immediate hours after the first tower fell, I actually ran into Natasha. We were not our jovial self for obvious reasons but I assumed that it was due to the events in New York, Pennsylvania and at the Pentagon earlier that day. I did not think to ask Natasha if she had known anybody who was killed that day. I knew that she had always had a love affair with New York and hoped to complete her Master’s Degree at New York University one day. I did not know that she had two relatives who lived there in the city. Natasha then explained what her immediate actions were in the hours following the destruction of the first tower and then the second. â€Å"I called my father to ask him the whereabouts of my aunt. He said that he didn’t know and that he would not know for some time. Not only was the event very chaotic, but the fact that he was a police chief in a Chicago suburb, his force went on high alert as there was rumors that The Sears Tower might be targeted. People didn’t know what to think. Everything was a mess. I was a mess as well. I pride myself on being a rational and independent person. I never get anxious but am rather calm and have a strong demeanor. That day, I was not able to contain my composure which only compounded my feelings of anxiety as I did not know how to gather my thoughts. † Natasha then comments on the time when she heard that her aunt was missing and then, a few days later, believed to be dead. â€Å"The next few days, nobody knew where my aunt or many of the other were. I waited by my phone and could not go to class. I tried to separate myself from the various news accounts as there was no shortage of coverage on television. I tried to go for a walk or to go and work out. My attempts did not come to fruition and it only served as a momentary respite from the inner pain and confusion that I was feeling. Eight days later, I received a call from my father who told me that my aunt was probably dead and the possibility of there being any survivors of the attack from those who were in the towers at the time it fell, was very unlikely. The country would later learn that there would not be a single survivor from the fall of the Twin Towers. It seemed unlikely, even before being told that was the case, that anybody could survive that. I still held out hope until I received that call. † The terror that Natasha would feel, would not be confined to only the loss of her aunt, who alone, would be more than anybody could really fathom. What served as a source of added stress, not only was Natasha’s aunt murdered on 9/11, but so too was her uncle. The aunt was from her father’s side and her uncle came from her mother’s side. Gerald Smith was a firefighter and one of the 343 New York City firefighters who died trying to save others in the Twin Towers. (Burns, 2003) â€Å"It is really hard to fathom such a combination punch that misguided and evil people gave to our family. I had been close to my uncle as a child but when he moved to New York, we lost touch. However, as it is the case with most people, those who touch their lives as a child, even though communications might have dropped off, they still reside in an important part of that person’s heart. I had not known that my uncle was still a New York firefighter. However, when my mother called me, not more than two days after being told that my aunt had died, I was told that my uncle died as well. There are no words that could describe what I felt that week. I could not go to class, I barely ate and did not take any visitors at all for the rest of the year. If somebody told me that they I had their condolences and that they understood how I felt, I was so angry inside, that I had to restrain myself from simply punching them in the face. And I am not a violent person by any means. I have strong opinions but usually respect others and would much rather avoid an insulting argument than to engage in one. I just became a very angry and bitter person. † In perspective, I asked Natasha how she now viewed 9/11 and all of the ramifications that it has now had for the country. â€Å"I have considered myself a Democrat for most of my life. However, even though the war in Iraq has been mishandled on a dozen different fronts, I become so angry when I hear politicians from both political parties proclaim that we should simply leave Iraq and that terrorism is really not worth fighting. It seems to me that since America is a very disposable society, people have forgotten what happened on 9/11. I will never forget seeing people jumping 1000 feet to their deaths while the towers burned. When I hear reports of Glasgow, London, Bali and Madrid being victims of more terrorist attacks from a small portion of the Muslim community who have been steered the wrong way, I become very frustrated. Does one have to lose two members of their family in a terrorist attack to remember that America is a very dangerous place and that there are millions of people who would love to attack this country. I still am a Democrat and believe in the principles of the party. I just feel so frustrated, as does most Americans, about the level of unity and as a result, progress that is being achieved in this area. † Natasha spent most of the Fall of 2001, dealing with the deaths of her family members. â€Å" Since there were no remains that were found of both my aunt and uncle, I really didn’t know what to do. I still go to their grave sites but I know that their body is not there. In time, the body would slowly disappear but I wanted to have the same experience that anybody would want who receive some comfort in visiting the gravesite of their loved ones. At least, I wanted to experience that but have been unable to. However, I feel additionally cheated by the fact that the only place where I can visit my aunt and uncle is in my mind. † When asked, Natasha speaks about her life since 9/11. â€Å"I eventually graduated college and even though my plans to receive my Master’s Degree at New York University did not pan out, I still feel close to that city and always will. I went to Boston to work for the Democratic National Convention in the months leading up to the 2004 election. With a degree in political science, I always have been politically aware of my surroundings. I knew that I needed to expand my sphere of influence beyond college and felt that my effort in the DNC, although not successful, still did prove some good. I honored my aunt and uncle in that respect. † It was a trying but successful time for me as I actually got to meet President Clinton while dining at a restaurant in Boston. I walked up to both him and his wife Hillary and introduced myself beyond the Secret Service and Mr. Clinton actually said that he had heard that we were doing good work. Perhaps that was just lip service but it was a great honor for me nevertheless. †

A Worn Path Essay -- essays papers

â€Å"A Worn Path† â€Å"A Worn Path† is a story of determination and true strength of a grandmother through her journey to her grandson’s salvation. The title itself explores a cyclical path that each of us encounters in our lives and will continue to do so in the future. â€Å"The Worn Path† begins and ends throughout the course of Phoenix Jackson’s journey. In the story "A Worn Path" by Eudora Welty, an old woman whose human spirit is full of devotion, dignity and high drive overcomes tremendous impediments of life in the name of love for her grandson. Phoenix’s feebleness is evident through a description given portraying her as an elderly worn out woman whose hindered walk resembled â€Å"pendulum of a grandfather’s clock†. Her weaknesses and frail characteristics were plainly an impediment...

Need for Power Essay

The need for power is just one part of McClelland’s acquired needs theory. The Other Parts of the Theory are Need for Achievement and Need for Affiliation. I would like to stay and write about part The need for Power. We can find little theory about this topic (The need for Power) in book Organizational Behavior on page 101. There is: A third major individual need is the need for power – the desire to control one ´s environment, including financial, material, informational, and human resources. People vary greatly along this dimension. Some individuals spend much time and energy seeking power, other avoid power if at all possible. People with a high need for power can be successful managers if three conditions are met. First, they must seek power for the betterment of the organization rather than for their own interest. Second, they must have a fairly low need for affiliation because fulfilling a personal need for power may well alienate others in the workplace. Third, they need plenty of self-control to curb their desire for power when it threatens to interfere with effective organizational or interpersonal relationship. Resources for this theory: David McClelland and David H. Burnham, â€Å"Power Is the Great motivator,â€Å" Harward business Review, March-April 1976, pp. 100-110. Pinder, Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior, McClelland and Burnham, â€Å"Power Is the Great Motivator.â€Å" We can identified four stages within the power orientation: 1) Drawing inner strength from others – being a loyal follower and serving the power of other people; 2) Strengthening oneself – beginning to play the power game, collecting symbols of status, one-upmanship, trying to dominate situations; 3) Self-assertiveness – becoming more aggressive and trying to manipulate situations so as to use other people to achieve one’s own targets; 4) Acting as an instrument of higher authority – identifying with some organization or authority system and employing the methods learnt in stages 2 and 3 but now being able to claim formal legitimacy. Blake and Mouton (1964) would feature the kind of person who maximizes this kind of approach as having the ‘Authority – Obedience’ style of management: concentrating on maximizing production through the exercise of personal authority and power. Individuals with a high need for power exhibit a number of characteristics. These individuals tend to be more argumentative. We can see in real life that they are often elected to political offices (member of government etc.). These individuals are also more assertive when a part of in-group discussions. They are known for displaying risk-taking behavior and they also tend to own more prestigious possessions such as expensive cars and credit cards. I think that this people tend to be and want to be on public display. In examing the motive scores of over 50 managers of both high and low morale units in all sections of the same large company, we found that most of the managers – over 70% – were high in power motivation compared with men in general. This finding confirms the fact that power motivation is important for management. (Remember that as we use the term â€Å"power motivation†, it refers not to dictatorial behavior, but to a desire to have impact, to be strong and influential). The better managers, as judged by the morale of those working for them, tended to score even higher in power motivation. But the most important determing factor of high morale turned out not to be how their power motivation compared to their need to achieve but whether it was higher than their need to be liked. This relationship existed for 80% of the sales managers as compared with only 10% of the poorer managers. And the same held true for other managers in nearly all parts of the company. In the research, product development, and operations divisions, 73% of the better managers had a stronger need for power than a need to be liked (or what we term â€Å"affiliation motive†) as compared with only 22% of the poorer managers. Why should this be so? Sociologists have long argued that, for a bureaucracy to function effectively, those who manage it must be universalistic in applying rules. That is, if they make exceptions for the particular needs of individuals, the whole system will break down. The manager with a high need for being liked is precisely the one who wants to stay on good terms with everybody, and, therefore, is the one most likely to make exceptions in terms of particular needs. If an employee asks for time off to stay home with a sick spouse to help look after the kids, the affiliative manager, feeling sorry for the person, agrees almost without thinking. (I am personally this kind of manager. I have a high need for being liked. I think that if people have a confidence in the manager he can do more things – also not so popular – and the people will accept them and also him.) When President Ford remarked in pardoning ex-President Nixon that he had â€Å"suffered enough†, he was empathizing primarily with Nixon ´s needs and feeling. Sociological theory and our data both argue, however, that the person whose need for affiliation is high does not make a good manager. This kind of person creates poor morale because he or she does not understand that other people in the office will tend to regard exceptions to the rules as unfair to themselves, just as many U.S. citizens felt it was unfair to let Richard Nixon off and punish others less involved than he was in the Watergate scandal. Advantages / disadvantages There are both positive and negative aspects in regards to the need for power. Being argumentative can be perceived as an ideal expression of one’s opinion; although it can also create threatening environments for those of a more compliant nature. Having an assertive manner in group discussions can make others feel as though one is dominating a discussion within the group. However, this individual may have a profound impact on the group’s progress by assisting in accomplishing tasks more efficiently. Participating in risk-taking behavior can allow an individual to experience more radical events in their life, but sometimes risk-taking behavior can lead to undesirable consequences. Owning luxurious items tends to be costly, even though these possessions may make one feel good about themselves and their lives. My conclusion The need for power is good if it is useful for organization and also if the manager can use some kind of humanity to the other. For manager figure is very important the confidence. The people (other) must confidence in him and then they will better in accept his conclusion.

Reduced scale

The reforms aimed at the eradication of poverty and unemployment challenges through substantial recovery and improvement or productivity of investment economizing the private sector as the main engine of growth. In discussing the issues of the liberalizing of cooperative policies practices and legislation its clear that the societies have both successes and failures.Successes of the liberalizing of cooperatives up to date To the cooperative movement, liberalizing measures were put in place with a view to create commercially autonomous member-based cooperatives that would be democratically and professionally managed; self-controlled; and self-reliant. To this effect in 1997 government published Session Paper No. 6 of 1997 on â€Å"Co-operatives n a Liberalized Economic Environment† to provide the new policy framework for the necessary reforms.To date the role of the government was redefined from control to regulatory and facilitative in nature. The Ministry of Co-operative Deve lopment duties were confined to registration and liquidation of co-operative societies; enforcement of the Co-operative Societies Act; formulation of co-operative policy; advisory and creation of conducive environment for co-operative growth and development; registration of co-operative audits; and carrying out of inquiries, investigations and inspections which is still applicable today.Successfully also was the enforcement of co-operative principles of voluntary and open Membership; democratic member control; member-economic participation; autonomy and independence; education, training and information; co-operation among cooperatives; and concern for community. The reforms have given autonomy to individuals will to Join or leave the cooperatives, which is still effectively being practiced, up to date. The 1966 Co- operative Societies Act was repealed and replaced by the Co-operative Societies Act, No. 2 of 1997 the new Co-operative Societies Act served to reduced government involve ment in the day-to-day management of co-operatives. Cooperatives were granted authority to rule over themselves from the previous state controls by transferring the management duties in co-operatives from the Commissioner for Co- operative Development to the members through their duly elected management committees. This trend is still applicable up to date where by members have the discretion to make policies through Coco's that benefit them. Co-operatives were no longer required to seek the permission of the Commissioner to invest, spend or borrow.They were now free to borrow against part or the whole of their properties if heir by-laws allowed, provided the annual general meeting approved such borrowing which is still applicable today. The reforms have also given cooperatives the power to hire and fire grade staff without the commissioners consent. The cooperative movement as a result of liberalizing has seen a growth in the cooperative movement with a growth in 2004 of 10,642 coo peratives in Kenya and currently the number is increasing rapidly with the inception of other better laws such as the new constitution.Despite the reducing trend of membership surprisingly there's an increase in member registration in Coco's over the years up to date new CACAOS are being formed even among the self-employed persons in the informal AU Kali) and agricultural sectors, which is a complete departure from the past where these co-operatives were only formed among the employed persons in the urban areas.To this extent, it can be said that liberation has transformed the cooperative movement and that many citizens are appreciative of it. Liberalizing of the cooperative movement has transformed the structural organization of cooperatives. The inefficient cooperative unions are increasingly loosing their members, for cooperative societies now have the freedom to seek better service provision from there organizations or make provision for such services on their own.Another advant age is that Agricultural co-operative unions have particularly been affected through monopoly. For instance, in the dairy sub-sector, co-operative societies were affiliated to the Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KC) that monopolized the processing and marketing of milk up to the early sass's. It is in these circumstances that some of them like Guthrie and Lemur dairy co-operative societies have put up their own milk processing plants that are still running up to date.With this, vertical integration f cooperatives in the dairy sector has virtually collapsed as cooperative societies now have the freedom to sell their produce to any willing buyer rather than KC and some of the societies have put up their own milk processing plants to offer the services previously provided by KC. Despite all that, non-agricultural co-operative unions have remained vibrant, particularly those in the financial sector, and have subsequently maintained the vertical structure of the cooperative movement.For ex ample, to date Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperative (COUSCOUS) brings gather over 2,600 active COCO societies with a membership of over two million while the Kenya Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies Union KEIRETSU has 45 active rural COCO societies with a membership of 1. 5 million. These unions serve as the mouthpieces of the respective CACAOS in the country; a feat that has helped the unions continue to attract rather than loose membership.COUSCOUS also provides common shared services like education and training; business development, consultancy and research; risk management; and the inter-lending program for CACAOS called Central Finance Program. These services have attracted CACAOS to main loyal members of COUSCOUS, and helping it attain the status of the largest COCO movement in Sub-Sahara Africa. Successfully with the current liberalizing of cooperatives most of the cooperative organizations are functioning without reference to the apex organization.The r ole of spokesperson and representative of the cooperative movement is increasingly being played by national cooperative organizations and cooperative unions. As an example, COUSCOUS being the mother of all Coco's now stands out as the mouth-piece and advocate of CACAOS in all matters that affect the development and growth of these cooperatives. COUSCOUS has been vibrant in the recent past by being vocal, in opposing the retrenchment of employee's as that would affect the membership of Cacaos.Even more significantly, COUSCOUS was recently involved in the formulation of the yet to be debated and enacted COCO Act that sets out to make special provisions for the registration and licensing of Cacaos, prudential requirements, standard forms of accounts, co-operate governance, amalgamations, divisions and liquidations; establishment of a COCO Regulatory Authority, savings protection insurance, and setting up a Central Liquidity Fund, among others. In the circumstances, the collapse of the vertical organization of the cooperative movement in the country is increasingly becoming evident.Another success of the liberalizing is that with liberalizing of the economy, banks such as The Cooperative Bank of Kenya have opened shareholding to individual members of co-operative societies as was duly recommended by their societies in 1996. The bank has however, retained its association with the co-operative movement by restricting 70% of the shares to co-operatives while individual members of societies hold only 30% of the shares and are not entitled to attend the annual general meeting of the ann.. This has helped to keep out private shareholders who might have bought out the bank as has been the case in other African countries.The coming of this policy framework also saw the International Cooperative Alliance's (CA) cooperative principles of voluntary and open membership, democratic member control; member- economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training, cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for community became formally incorporated in the cooperative policy. The 1997 policy failed to provide for the separation of the responsibilities of elected management committees from managerial staff responsibilities.Consequently, management decisions were still made by elected leaders that may not be qualified managers. In such response to the inadequacies of the 1997 policy, the Ministry formulated a revised policy framework titled â€Å"Kenya Cooperative Development Policy 2008†. The 2008 policy themed at ‘expanding the economic space for sustainable cooperative growth in Kenya', focused on restructuring, strengthening and transforming cooperatives into vibrant economic entities that can confront the challenges of wealth creation, employment creation and poverty reduction as private business ventures.To date the policy is still up and running. After the fall of Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives KNIFE, the interim Board started developing the strategy in 2007 by holding provincial consultative meetings that focused on how to revive the organization. This culminated in the National Cooperative Leaders Conference in November in 2007, which endorsed a new governance structure, revised By-Laws (2008) and a new funding strategy.The revised By-Laws (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, Bibb) proposed a governance structure consisting of a secretariat composed of the Executive Director ND four heads of sections; a technical committee comprising of the Chief Executive Officers of Nachos; the General Assembly as the supreme authority consisting of 75 elected delegates; and the National Governing Council as the executive authority comprising of eight Chairmen of Nachos, seven elected regional representatives, the Commissioner for Cooperative Development and the Executive Director.The By-Laws also address the need for strengthening of the financial capacity of KNIFE, as they propose a graduated sc ale of annual contribution by members based on the type of cooperative organization and annual turnover. This amends have helped to shape the federation up to date with increased number of people. The revitalization program has charted a new direction for the organization, as it restricted its activities to the core objective for which it was formed. That is, to be the mouth-piece of the cooperative movement in Kenya by engaging in advocacy, lobbying, collaboration and networking activities.At the end of the revitalization process, the investment in institutional capacity building of KNIFE should has enabled it to address wealth creation and poverty alleviation of the cooperative movement. Liberalizing has rough about growth of banks such as the Cooperative Bank of Kenya. The Bank has not only been instrumental in providing banking services to cooperatives, but has also been the source of affordable credit for the cooperative movement. For instance, today it lends approximately EKES 3. 5 billion (USED $46. Million) annually to Cacaos, in order to increase their liquidity levels so that they can meet member demands for loans associated with school fees. Moreover, the Cooperative Bank still serves as a mechanism through which most donors to the agricultural sector, particularly those that produce coffee, can channel their support. This has allowed the Cooperative Bank to network with many donors, such as Food Aid Organization (FAA), and the European Union, among others. In the financial sector, CACAOS are also increasingly becoming innovative by developing new products to enhance their income.For instance there's some diversification of traditional products of savings and credit of Coco's by introducing Front Surviving liberalizing: the cooperative movement in Kenya Front Office Service Activity (FOSS). FOSS offers services that members can use to process their monthly salary, while having access to instant cash advances (based n their salary) and maintaining wi thdrawal savings deposits. Currently, slightly over 250 CACAOS operate with this activity in Kenya.In addition, the COCO movement is quickly spreading from its traditional urban and wage employment strongholds into the agricultural sector in rural areas and informal economy. As a success liberalizing has enabled the setup of free market cooperative entities that have led many people to derive their Jobs from marketing products produced by cooperatives. For instance, dairy cooperatives produce various products such as fresh ilk, ghee, butter and yoghurt; while other agricultural cooperatives market coffee, fish, pyrometer and eggs. These products are then passed on to other entities to market to retailers, wholesalers and consumers.To date this trend continues and has helped reduce poverty and provide employment as it was the expectation of the 1996 framework policy paper. Liberalizing has made Cooperatives to be sources of income by generating opportunities for many people, particul arly members of cooperatives. In 2007, primary cooperatives in the agricultural sector had a membership of 1 approximately 50% of whom were estimated to be active. The CACAOS had 6,286,894 members, 98% whom were active in the lending activities of their cooperatives. The other non-agricultural primary cooperatives had a total membership of 334,000, with approximately 50 per cent active.These figures are clear pointers to the significant contribution of cooperatives to poverty reduction and poverty prevention in Kenya to date. This is particularly true as most of the income generated from cooperatives is mainly used to address long-term poverty prevention measures. Liberalizing has brought focus on cooperatives to the core activities of operatives, including agribusiness, entrepreneurship, savings and credit advancement regulations, leadership and governance of cooperatives, and the economic benefits of membership in cooperatives, among others.It is apparent that any cooperative that doesn't provide Economic gains in Kenya tends to be deserted by the members. This is evidenced by dormancy that cooperatives are currently experiencing. A few activities of such successful cooperative ventures could be viewed as attempts at offering social protection to the members and this has brought the growth in some cooperatives in the country. As an advantage the framework policy has seen transformation of the cooperative movement where benevolent funds have been introduced in most CACAOS to which members contribute regularly and only draw from them when they are bereaved.The schemes define the relatives in whose death the member would get assistance to meet the burial expenses, as well as the respective amount of money to which he/ she would be entitled. Gracefully the institutionalizing of the framework paper policy and liberalizing has seen the transformation of the Cooperative Insurance Company(ClC). This company has the ore business of giving protection against risks ass ociated with operation of cooperative enterprise, as well as cooperators themselves.Significant ICC has also developed a micro-finance insurance scheme specifically for covering savings of micro-finance institutions (Miff) in case a person with a loan passes away before completing repayment. Negative aspects of the liberalizing of cooperatives Consequently, the immediate impact on most co-operatives was mainly negative. The elected leaders abused the freedom bestowed on them and to the detriment of many cooperative societies.Corruption cases; gross mismanagement by officials; theft of operative resources; split of viable co-operatives into small uneconomic units; failure by employers to surrender members' deposits to co-operatives (particularly Cacaos); failure to hold elections in co-operatives; favoritism in hiring and dismissal of staff; refusal by co-operative officials to vacate office after being duly voted out; conflict of interest among co-operative officials; endless litiga tion; unauthorized co- operative investments; and illegal payments to the management committees were increasingly reported in many co-operatives and up to date the trend is till continuing though at a reduced scale.Though there's a surge of cooperative societies the indication is that up to date there's recorded numbers of dormant cooperative societies. In 2004, the Kenya Union of Savings and credit cooperatives actually estimated that 42% of the cooperative societies were dormant. The number is still increasing and this isn't beneficial to the eradication of poverty through employment and innovation. The relative poor performance of agricultural cooperatives could also be attributed to the liberalizing of the co-operative sector without adequately preparing the co-operatives. There's also the element of over dependence of the agriculture sector, which leads to failure unexpectedly. Liberalizing has brought about immense changes in the cooperative movement.The Kenya National Federat ion of Cooperatives was the national apex of cooperative movements in Kenya. Its dominance declined drastically due to corruption and mismanagement reason being that poor management over the years saw KNIFE deviate from its core business into other activities, such as auditing, education and training as well as research and consultancy. Such activities were already being performed by some of its members, and subsequently KNIFE ended up competing with some of its members hat were offering the same services to the cooperative movement. In the circumstances some cooperatives found no reason for being members of a federation that they saw as a competitor.However its quick revival was established in 2005 after the then minister of cooperatives dissolved Knife's Board of Directors and replaced it with an interim board (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, AAA). Interim Board of Directors that was appointed by the Minister in May 2005 immediately embarked upon developing strategies f or reform and restructuring to revivalist the organization (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, 2007). As a active impact KNIFE has largely been ineffective in representing the cooperative movement during policy and legal processes. As an example, it failed to effectively participate and influence changes to the 1997 Cooperative Societies Act that produced the Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2004.KNIFE started monopolizing donor support after the ACT had been enacted to hold consultations on the implications of the Act, which was too late to achieve any impact. Perhaps this also explains the absence of cooperatives in national development debates. KNIFE has lacked even up to date the urge to influence policy and legislative debates in Kenya, aging it difficult to improve the visibility of the cooperative movement. This is surely a liberalizing downfall a thing that the paper framework couldn't expect to happen. As a negative effect liberalizing has reduced government s upport since autonomy was given to the private sector this free market approach has unfortunately brought to the decline of, the number of trainees from Cooperative college of Kenya.Cooperatives attending the college have been reducing since the liberalizing due to the tremendous reduction in government sponsorship to the cooperative movement for training purposes. Left on their own, most cooperatives, especially in the agricultural sector, have been unable to raise the required fees for their staff to train at the college. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the impact of liberalizing has seen cooperatives survive the market forces and open up more enterprising innovations that secure the welfare of employees. Successfully much legislation has been put in place that is still working up to date and this has helped to attract more members to cooperatives. On the downside corruption is still rampant as the societies grow new schemes are being hatched to hamper the progress of the cooperatives.

sociocultural aspects essays

sociocultural aspects essays At the beginning of this semester, I went into a classroom without the intentions of it having any impact of my life. What I did not know was that this course held not only a vision for the future but also answers to my past. Growing up, I was influenced by a society that was inhabited almost entirely by whites. For that reason only, I have been completely unaware of any bias or unfair treatment to minority and female students. Because of this upbringing, I found many incidences discussed in class quite unbelievable. However, my views on our society and the educational system have been broadened which leads me to believe that the teachers of the future now have the key to a fair, unbias education for each student that enters the school. I was also fortunate this semester to engage in mentoring a young African-American student named James. Although this assignment was geared toward working with a student from a different culture in order to examine the differences in our lives as well as our values, I think that it was very fortunate for not only my experience but also for the students experience that we shared so many of the same hurdles growing up. The death of a sibling as well as the experience at multiple schools as the new student are just a few of the ways in which James and I were quite similar. As many people know, dealing with issues like this can be quite hazardous to how a young child develops into a functioning adult. Because James and I are linked based on our past, we were able to share with each other more honestly than we have before. With that, we grew from one anothers experiences and found the answers to our past with and through each other. As I said before, the course discussions and lectures that I experienced had a dynamic impact on my personal beliefs and values. Honestly, I hardly ever had an ounce of belief in the books we read and discussed or even the topics brought u...

SAT Syllabus What’s on the Exam and How to Prep

SAT Syllabus What’s on the Exam and How to Prep SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the SAT soon but aren’t sure what to expect?Not to worry! This guide will give you an in-depth look at the SAT syllabus and what to expect on the exam. For each section of the SAT, I’ll explain the format of the section, thetypes of questions you’ll see, and the skills it tests.At the end of this guide, I'll also go over the top tips you need to know when preparing for the SAT to help you achieve your highest score. Overview of the SAT Before we start looking in-depth at the SAT syllabus, let’s first get a broad overview of what the SAT covers.There are three main sections on the SAT: Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. There is also an optional essay. More information about each section is available in the chart below. Section Minutes Given Number of Questions Reading 65 52 Writing and Language 35 44 Math 80 58 Essay (Optional) 50 1 Total 3 hours, 50 minutes (3 hours without the essay) 154 (+1 essay prompt) The SAT sections will always go in this order, beginning with Reading and ending with (if you choose to take it), the SAT Essay.The Math section is divided into two groups, the first where you can’t use a calculator (25 minutes and 20 questions), and the second, where a calculator is allowed (55 minutes and 38 questions). Below, for each section of the SAT, I’ll explain what subjects it covers. SAT Reading Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 65 52 75 seconds Format The SAT Reading section consists of passages with 52 multiple-choice questions. In this section, there will be four individual passages and one passage pair, which means there will be about 10-12 questions for each passage/passage pair.At least one of the passages will have graphics, such as tables, graphs, and charts accompanying it.Each passage, or passage pair set, will be at about 500 to 750 words. There will be at least one passage from each of the following topics: U.S. or world literature U.S. founding document or a text inspired by one Social science (such as economics, psychology, sociology, etc.) Science (Earth science, biology, chemistry, or physics) Types of Questions All questions on SAT Reading are multiple choice with four answer choices. There areeight main different questions types you may see in this section. Big Picture/Main Idea These questions ask about the overall purpose of the passage, such as what is the passage about, what is it trying to accomplish, or what the point of it is. The main purpose of each passage is to A) compare brain function in those who play games on the Internet and those who browse on it. B) report on the problem-solving skills of individuals with varying levels of Internet experience. C) take a position on increasing financial support for studies related to technology and intelligence. D) make an argument about the effects of electronic media use on the brain. Little Picture/Detail This type of question will usually refer to a specific line or phrase within a passage and ask you about a specific detail, such as what a particular phrase means or why the author chose to mention something. In the context of the passage, the author’s use of the phrase â€Å"her light step flying to keep time with his long stride† (line 3) is primarily meant to convey the idea that A)Ethan and Mattie share a powerful enthusiasm.B) Mattie strives to match the speed at which Ethan works.C)Mattie and Ethan playfully compete with each other.D)Ethan walks at a pace that frustrates Mattie. Inference Inference questions will ask you to deduce the meaning of a line or phrase from the passage or the entire passage itself. Even though you’ll have to do some interpretation on these questions, they all have to have one objectively correct answer with evidence in the passage you can use to support your choice. The passage most strongly suggests that Adelita used which of the following to navigate her 9,000-mile journey? A)The current of the North Atlantic gyre.B) Cues from electromagnetic coils designed by Putman and Lohmann.C) The inclination and intensity of Earth's magnetic field.D)A simulated "magnetic signature" configured by Lohmann. Vocabulary in Context For these questions, you’ll be asked to define a specific word in the question. Be careful, because sometimes common words are used in unusual ways and you have to correctly identify the definition used in the passage. As used in line 38, â€Å"intense† most nearly means A) emotional.B)concentrated.C) brilliant.D) determined. Function Function questions refer to how a phrase or sentence works within a passage and what effect it has on the passage. The analogy in the final sentence of Passage 2 has primarily which effect? A) It uses ornate language to illustrate a difficult concept. B) It employs humor to soften a severe opinion of human behavior. C) It alludes to the past to evoke a nostalgic response. D) It criticizes the view of a particular group. Author Technique The questions will ask you to analyze the author’s tone, style, perspective and/or attitude. For paired passages, you may have to compare author techniques between the two passages. During the course of the first paragraph, the narrator’s focus shifts from A) recollection of past confidence to acknowledgment of present self-doubt. B) reflection on his expectations of life as a tradesman to his desire for another job. C) generalization about job dissatisfaction to the specifics of his own situation. D) evaluation of factors making him unhappy to identification of alternatives. Evidence Support Evidence support questions refer back to a previous question and ask you to provide evidence for your answer. For example, if you were asked an author technique question, after it there may be an evidence support question asking you to identify which lines in the passage support your answer to the author technique question. 1. The description in the first paragraph indicates that what Ethan values most about Mattie is her A)fitness for farm labor.B)vivacious youth.C) receptive nature. D) freedom from worry. 2. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 1-4(â€Å"Mattie... farm†) B) Lines 4-8 (â€Å"He had... anyhow†) C) Lines 8-10 (â€Å"But it... hearth†) D) Lines 11-13 (â€Å"She had... will†) Data Interpretation These questions refer to the diagrams, charts or graphs included with some of the passages. You’ll have to analyze the information the graphics present. 1. How does the graph support the author’s point that internal waves affect ocean water dynamics? A) It demonstrates that wave movement forces warmer water down to depths that typically are colder. B) It reveals the degree to which an internal wave affects the density of deep layers of cold water. C) It illustrates the change in surface temperature that takes place during an isolated series of deep waves. D) It shows that multiple waves rising near the surface of the ocean disrupt the flow of normal tides. Skills Tested There are three main skills tested in SAT Reading, all of which relate back to critical reading skills. Command of Evidence Being able to find evidence in a passage to support the answer to a question, understand how authors support their claims, and interpret diagrams. Words in Context Using clues from the passage to identify the meaning of a particular word and understanding how the word’s the author chooses affects tone, style, and meaning. Analysis in History/Social Science and Science Being able to examine hypotheses, interpret data, consider implications in passages that cover the subjects of history, social studies, and science. SAT Writing and Language Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 44 35 48 seconds Format Like the Reading section, all questions in the SAT Writing and Language are based on passages. This section contains four passages with 11 questions following each passage. Passages will cover either Careers, Social Studies, Humanities, or Science. Careers passages could discuss trends or debates in major professional fields, such as medicine, technology, or business. Social studies passages might focus on topics from history, anthropology, psychology, political science, or sociology. Humanities passages could feature an author or explore trends in literature, drama, art, music, or dance. Science passages will focus on Earth science, biology, chemistry, or physics. There is no fiction writingin this section, instead, passages will either be argument-based, explanatory, or nonfiction narrative, and at least one passage will be accompanied by a chart, graph, or table.For SAT Writing and Language, each of the passages will be filled with punctuation, word choice, sentence structure, and organization errors. Your job will be to identify and correct those errors in the questions. Types of Questions Like SAT Reading, all questions on SAT Writing and Language are multiple choice with four answer choices. Questions in this section will ask you about four main ideas.About 24 questions will focus on Command of Evidence, Words in Context, and Expression of Ideas, and about 20 questions will be on Standard English Conventions. Command of Evidence You’ll be asked to improve how the passages develop and present ideas and information to the reader. For example, when reading a passage you should understand how an argument could be strengthened or a detail added to improve clarity. Words in Context For some questions, you’ll need to improve the word choice used in the passage in order to improve tone, style, and/or clarity. Expression of Ideas You’ll need to be able to understand how a passage is structured and the point it is trying to make. Questions testing this skill may ask you to analyze how the passage’s message or organization could be improved. Standard English Conventions These questions test your grammar skills, such as sentence structure, usage, punctuation, verb tense, parallel construction, subject-verb agreement, and comma use. Skills Tested Sixteenmain skills are tested on this section, focusing on focusing on the development and organization of ideas and effective language use as well as grammar rules. Agreement Concision Conventional expression Logical sequence Modifiers Parallel Structure Possessives Precision Pronouns Punctuation Sentence function Sentence structure Style and tone Syntax Transition Verb Tense SAT MATH Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question No Calculator 25 20 75 seconds Calculator 55 38 77 seconds Format SAT Math is divided into two sections, depending on whether or not a calculator is allowed. During the first section, when you cannot use a calculator, you’ll have 25 minutes to answer 15 multiple-choice questions and 5 grid-in questions. For the second section, when you can use a calculator, you’ll have 55 minutes to answer 30 multiple-choice questions and 8 grid-ins, including an Extended Thinking problem. Types of Questions Multiple Choice The majority of questions on SAT Math will be your standard multiple-choice questions where you’re presented with a problem and have to choose the best answer from four answer choices. Aaron is staying at a hotel that charges $99.95 per night plus tax for a room. A tax of 8% is applied to the room rate, and an additional onetime untaxed fee of $5.00 is charged by the hotel. Which of the following represents Aaron’s total charge, in dollars, for staying x nights? A)(99.5 + 0.08x) + 5B)1.08(99.5x) + 5C) 1.08(99.5x + 5)D)1.08(99.5 + 5)x Grid In On SAT Math, 22% of questions will be grid-ins. On these questions, instead of choosing the correct answer from a list of options, you’ll have to solve the problem and enter your own answer on the grid provided in the answer sheet. Ifwhat is one possible value of Extended Thinking A few of your questions will be part of an Extended Thinking problem. The Extended Thinking problem will appear as part of the grid-ins, typically near the end of the section. You’ll see a graph, table, or word problem and have to answer several questions about it. Extended Thinking questions often focus on real-world situations. An international bank issues its Traveler credit cards worldwide. When a customer makes a purchase using a Traveler card in a currency different from the customer’s home currency, the bank converts the purchase price at the daily foreign exchange rate and then charges a 4% fee on the converted cost. Sara lives in the United States, but is on vacation in India. She used her Traveler card for a purchase that cost 602 rupees (Indian currency). The bank posted a charge of $9.88 to her account that included the 4% fee. 1. What foreign exchange rate, in Indian rupees per one U.S. dollar, did thebank use for Sara’s charge? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. 2.A bank in India sells a prepaid credit card worth 7,500 rupees. Sara canbuy the prepaid card using dollars at the daily exchange rate with no fee,but she will lose any money left unspent on the prepaid card. What is theleast number of the 7,500 rupees on the prepaid card Sara must spendfor the prepaid card to be cheaper than charging all her purchases onthe Traveler card? Round your answer to the nearest whole number ofrupees. Skills Tested SAT Math covers 24 main topics, within four main subject areas. Over half of the questions will be on algebra, while a maximum of 10% of the questions will focus on Additional Topics such as geometry and trigonometry. Basic Algebra Linear functions Single variable equations Systems of linear equations Absolute value Advanced Algebra Manipulating polynomials Quadratic equations Dividing polynomials Exponential functions Function notation Solving exponential equations Systems of equations with nonlinear equations Problem Solving and Data Analysis Ratios and proportions Scatterplots and graphs Categorical data and probabilities Experimental interpretation Median, median, mode, standard deviation Additional Topics Coordinate geometry - lines and slopes Coordinate geometry - nonlinear functions Geometry - circles Geometry - lines and angles Geometry - solid geometry Geometry - triangles and polygons Trigonometry Complex numbers SAT Essay Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 1 essay 50 50 minutes Format The SAT Essay is the only optional section of the exam. If you decide to take it, you’ll have 50 minutes to plan and write one complete essay. Types of Questions You’ll be given a passage by an author who has taken a stance on a particular issue, and you’ll need to analyze how the author builds her argument, what the strengths and weaknesses of the argument are, and how the argument could be improved. You won’t be taking your own stance on the issue. Skills Tested The major skill you are graded on for the essay is your ability to analyze an argument and understand how evidence and rhetorical devices contribute to an argument.While you’ll want your essay to be clear and easy to understand, a few minor spelling and grammar errors won’t lose you points, so you don’t have to worry about your essay being technically perfect. How to Use ThisSAT Syllabus Now you're an expert on the SAT syllabus, but how does this information help you? First, knowing what's on the SAT will make you feel more comfortable on exam day. You'll know the format, content, and types of questions you'll be asked. This can help you feel more prepared and help reduce test anxiety. Second, understanding the SAT syllabus can significantly help withyour SAT studying. When you know what subjects are tested on the SAT, you'll know what to focus on during your preparation, and you're less likely to skip material you should know or study material that won't be on the test. Additionally, when you take practice tests and are looking to see where you got most of your answers wrong, you can easily pinpoint which area(s) you should work on. Maybe your SAT Math score was lower than you wanted it to be, but where exactly were you making mistakes? Did you get all the algebra questions correct but struggled with geometry? Then you can focus primarily on studying geometry questions. Knowing what's tested on the SAT will help you pinpoint the areas where you need to improve and increase the effectiveness of your studying. How to Prepare for the SAT Knowing the SAT syllabuswill help you become more comfortable and familiar with the exam, which will likely help your score. Follow these three additional tips to be sure you’re getting the most out of your SAT prep. Create a Study Plan Before you begin in-depth preparation for the SAT, you’ll want to create a study plan.A study schedule can help you know when you’re supposed to be studying and can keep you on track.Setting aside a regular time to study each day or week, such as weekdays from 8:00-9:30 or Sundays from 12:00-4:00, will make it easier to study because you’ll know ahead of time when you should be studying and can fit the rest of your schedule around it. You should include regular goals in your study schedule that you hope to meet, such as, â€Å"I want to understand how to answer geometry questions by the end of the weekend,† or â€Å"I want to raise my math score ten points by the end of the month.†Setting these goals can help encourage you to study and ensure you are on track to meet your goal scores. Use High-Quality Study Materials Your studying is only going to be as effective as the prep materials you use, so be sure to use the right materials for you.A high-quality prep book can be one of the best resources you use. Check out some of the best SAT prep books here. A good prep book will effectively explain the content tested on the exam, have high-quality practice questions similar to those on the real SAT, and include full-length practice exams (discussed more below). Take Complete Practice Exams During your studying, you’ll want to take at least one (and ideally at least threeto four) complete practice SATs.Taking complete practice SATs is important because it gives you the most realistic idea of what the real SAT will be like. You’ll learn how taking a test for several hours affects you and if you get tired and distracted towards the later sections. Also, after you score your exam, you’ll have a good idea of how well you’d do on the actual SAT, and you can use this information to identify which areas you should focus on for future studying. Be sure to take your SAT under realistic testing conditions. That means take the test all in one sitting, timed, and with minimal distractions.Try to use official practice tests since they’ll be the closest to the real SAT. We have links to several free and official SAT practice tests you can use. Conclusion Knowing the SAT syllabuswill help you know what to expect for the test and how to prepare.Each of the three main sections of the SAT covers multiple subject areas and contains several question types. There is also an optional essay at the end of the test. To prepare for the SAT, be sure to create a study plan early on, use high-quality study materials, and take full-length practice tests to get a good idea of the progress you’ve made. What's Next? Wondering what a good SAT score is? Learn how to set a score goal based on the schools you want to get into. Thinking about using Khan Academy for SAT prep?Khan Academy can be a great resource if you know how to use it correctly. Read our guide to learn how to make the best use of Khan Academy! Want to learn more about the new SAT? We have a complete guide to the revised SATthat goes over exactly what changed, what stayed the same, and how it affects you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: